Renáta Berta, Orsolya Adamcsik, Ildikó Galambos, Nikoletta Kovács, Gábor Maász, Zita Zrínyi, Etelka Tombácz: What are we drinking? • Microplastic problems, current situation
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6. Detection of microplastics, analytical methods
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6.5. Quality assurance, avoiding contamination

6.5. Quality assurance, avoiding contamination

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Microplastics are generally present everywhere in our environment, so microplastic contamination can occur at any time, and therefore the possible presence of microplastics must be considered during sampling, sample preparation and determination. Before and during sampling, it is recommended that the equipment used for this purpose be rinsed several times with filtered water and that plastic collection devices and containers be avoided. Whenever possible, the sample should be collected by professionals rather than volunteers [18]. The sample is to be stored in a sealable glass or metal container or covered with aluminum foil [178], [199]. Preservation of the specimen is generally not required, except for specimens from living organisms. In such cases, formalin or ethanol is usually used, or the sample is frozen. The latter can cause damage to the biological sample if freezing is done too quickly. However, in chemical preservation, the possible effect of the chemical on the microplastic must be considered [10], [194].

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Regarding the use of blank samples, the reserchears recommend several, at least three replicates per day, from filtered water [10]. Blank samples that do not change during the test should be used and, if possible, the blank samples should be subjected to the same sample preparation methods as the microplastics sample [172], [178]. To assess the efficiency of the separation procedures and the effect of the chemicals applied in the extraction on the microplastic, it is also worth using a positive control [175].

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The individuals collecting the sample and performing the analysis should preferably wear cotton clothing and avoid clothing made of synthetic materials to prevent microfibers from the clothing from accidentally entering the sample [10], [175], [187]. The use of rubber gloves is also recommended. Cleaning the lab coat surfaces with a sponge roller can be helpful. Some authors recommend the use of a colored lab coat, as it can filter out contaminating particles of a particular color [172]. It is advisable to test the sample in a clean room, in a laboratory with filtered air or under a sterile booth. The air can be filtered with a HEPA filter or a carbon filter. In the laboratory, surfaces and tools should also be rinsed with filtered water, and the chemicals and solutions used should also be filtered before testing [18], [170], [172]. According to some authors, after thorough cleaning it may also be important to heat glassware to 500 °C before use [214].

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Parallel measurements and the use of multiple reference materials, such as degraded polymers with additives, are also recommended for instrumental determination [199], [214]. In the case of high microplastic concentrations, instrumental measurement of the entire sample, but at least 10%, is recommended in order to gain representative results [175].
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